“Digital humanities”

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Name : Gausvami Surbhi A.

Assignment Topic : “Digital humanities”

Paper no.  Literary theory and criticism

Email id: gausvamisurbhi17@gmail.com

Roll No. : 24

Submitted to :  Dr. Dilip Barad, Department of English

                            MKBU University.

*What is Digital humanities:

                “Digital humanities is an academic field concerned with the application of computational tools and Methods to traditional humanities disciplines such as literature, history and philosophy“

               

                                            

                One may ask the question that what is the connection between digital and humanities because it seems that both are completely contrast field. Digital concerned with machine and humanities concerned with arts and literature. Every method, knowledge and approach is interdisciplinary. Man is a social animal. Thus the knowledge or education can not be separated from the human life. Knowledge being the central point around which ethical, religious, spiritual, physical, mechanical and psychological aspects of human life. This aspects are interwoven. The aim of education is the unification of knowledge existing in different branches of learning. Therefore digital and humanities are directly connected and according to famous structuralist  Gerard Genette method developed for the study of one discipline could be satisfactorily applied to the study of other discipline as well, which he calls, “intellectual Bricolage” No subject can be taught in isolation. Every subject is inter disciplinary.

                 Digital humanities means computer assisted literary study since the invention of computers, it knows only one language that is English. Thus English department and digital world are directly connected and digital technique can applied to other humanities field as well. Computers have been part of our disciplinary lives for well over two decades now. During this time digital humanities has accumulated a robust professional apparatus  that is probably more rooted in English than any other departmental home.

                Digital humanities (DH) is an area of scholarly activity at the intersection of computing or digital technologies and the disciplines of the humanities. It can be defined as new ways of doing scholarship that involve collaborative transdiciplinary and computationally engaged research ,teaching and publishing it brings digital tools and methods to the study of the humanities with the recognition that the printed word is no longer the main medium for knowledge production and distribution. By providing and using new applications and techniques, DH makes new kinds of teaching and research possible, while at the same time studding and critiquing these impact cultural heritage and digital culture. Thus, a distinctive feature of DH is its cultivation of a two way relationship between the humanities and the digital.

               The goal of digital humanities is to create scholarship that transcends textual sources. A growing number of researchers in digital humanities are using computational methods for the analysis of large cultural data such as the Google books corpus. For eg. If some Ph.D. candidate do his research on “Female characters in Virginia Woolf novel” and if he buy all the novels of virgina Woolf and then read and do analysis then it will take years. But if give this instruction to computer then within a second or minute you will get the data.

* Tools:-

                 Digital humanities scholars use a variety of digital tools for their research. Which may take place in an environment as small as a mobile device or as large as a virtual reality lab digital humanities include everything from personal equipment to institutes and software to cyberspace. Some scholars use advanced programming languages and databases, while others use less complex tools, depending on their needs. Digital humanities tools is a list of online or downloadable digital humanities tools that are largely free  helping students and others who lack access to funding or institutional savers. Face open source web publishing platforms like word press and omeka are also popular tools.

              The phrase digital humanities, is not singular but it is plural. Able to address and engage disparate subject matters across media, language, location, and history. DH values collaboration plurality, investigation of human culture. It just not the use of digital technology for humanity projects but how the use of digital technology for humanities projects changes the user’s experience.

               What is the “digital humanities” also known as “humanities computing “ It’s tempting to say that whoever asks the question has not gone looking very hard for an answer. Willard mccarty has been contributing papers on the subject for years. Under the earlier appellation, John Unsworth has advised “What is humanities computing and what is it not” Most recently Patrik svensson has been publishing a series of well documented articles on multiple aspects of the topic, including the lexical shift from humanities computing to digital humanities. An organization called the Alliance of digital humanities organizations hosts a well attended annual international conference called digital humanities. There is a book series, topic in the digital humanities.

              Crucially, digital humanities, is visible in another way : the social networking service twitter as a students we can “tweets” regarding study, syllabus, and unlike facebook  twitter allows for asymmetrical relationship. You can “Follow” someone or they can follow you. Without the relationship being reciprocated. In this way students can have information exchange.

* Four pillars of digital humanities:

1) Projects

2) Tools and Resources

3) Research Methods

4) Omeka

(1) Digital Humanities Projects:

* Women in print:

             Women in print is a peer reviewed e-book series that the university of Illinois published online featuring digitized books, transcriptions and facsimiles.

* Emblematica

            Largest renaissance emblem book collections are being digitized, indexed, and organized into a portal that provides access to emblem book collections worldwide.

* Image of Research:

           Students are invited to submit an image and text articulating how the image connects to their research.

* The uses of scale in literary study :

          A collaborative project that aims to encourage livelier exploration literary history by demonstrating the substantial  literary historical value of new methodologies reducing barrier to entry for scholar and sharing resources for normalizing large collections of text.

* Virtual verse :

          This is a joint initiative between the University of Illinois at Urbana campaign and the university of Jenness to curate digitally published poetry from around the internet.

* Note :

          Illinois University concerned with humanities and they have these much projects in the field of DH.

(2) Tools and resources :

(i) Digital Humanities Software

(1) Nvivo 10

(2) R studio

(3) Abbyy fine reader

(4) Atlas

(ii) Digital Humanities Hardware

(1) My computer

(2) Morae abserver workstation

(3) Various accessories

(4) Digital scanners

(5) Dual Monitor PCS

* Tools around the Web

(1) Paper machines

(2) Topic Modeling tool

(3) Omeka

(4) World Maps

(5) ORA

(6) Mathematica

(3) Research Methods :

1) Data Curation :

            Humanities data can be text, geospatial  data results of analysis and more.

2) Digital Publishing

            Method for showcasing and sharing scholarly work

3) Image Analysis

            Extracting information from digital images utilizing digital image processing techniques.

4) Text Encoding

           Text encoding is a process where documents are transferred to an electronically searchable format for digital humanities research.

5) Audio Visual Projects

          It includes projects like documentaries, podcast or media presentations.

6)  Machine Learning Rules to teach computers how to accomplish tasks.

(4) Omeka :

             Omeka is a software tool that enable you to create dynamic online exhibits that showcase collections of digital images, text and other multimedia formats in one seamless site.

* What’s it doing in English Departments?

                            

              My English department is the live example of Digital humanities. I am the student of English department, MKBU university, Bhavnagar, Gujarat and I am studying under the guidance of Dr. Dilip Barad, Head of the English Department, MKBU University.

            We are the students of English literature. We have to deal with arts and literature including poetry, drama, novels, criticism etc. then one may ask the question what computers are doing there or laptops, mobiles are useless for you students. No it’s not.

            Our sir is very much Technology friendly man. He has developed one laptop bank in our department and all the students have smart phone. He inspired us to write blog on whatever activity we have done. He himself wrote numbers of blogs and published it online. we have to do thinking activity write blog and publish it online. So others also can be beneficial. We write assignments and make presentation in our blog and publish it online. So everyone can view it. We access more and more internet for more information and study.

          We are habituated to collect information regarding syllabus from various internet sources. It enhance student's mental horizon and they can study deeply, and become master of their subject. We have unit online test and we get materials by mails. and we have to write blog regarding units or classroom activity.

         Recently, our sir talked about “what if machines write poems ?”  “ What if machines write better poems than humans ?”

        In the seventeenth year of the digital era it sounds stupid to ask weather machines / computers can write poems or not. We face ever grave and frightening question. What if machines write better poems than humans? What if human poem sounds mechanical and machines humane ? and time will come when computers / machine will be privilege over humans.

       We got the experience of writing poems with the help of computers and this is the link, where you can write poems, by computer.

* http://www.pangloss.com/seidel/poem/

* http://botpoet.com/what -is-computer-poetry/

        We are learning through flipped learning. In which we watch video related to our syllabus such as Derrida, Wordsworth, T.S.Eliot which are posted online by our sir first we watch that video give online quiz, write answers, and then ask questions to teacher about quarry.

       At the end of M.A. study students make their digital portfolio in which they publish their activity online including blogs, assignments, presentation progress graphs etc. This is how digital humanities works in our department.

* Conclusion :

       This is a 21st century, a modern era, the of information. And every method every study is interdisciplinary no subject can be taught in isolation. One can not discriminate digital and humanities field. And if they will go together then it will create landmark.

* Net sources :

* Digital humanities Wikipedia.

  * dilipbarad.blogspot.in

* www.library.illinois.edu

* Article by Mathew G.Krischenbaum.

“Obstacles for women writers in Victorian age.”

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Name :  Gausvami Surbhi A.

Assignment Topic : “Obstacles for women writers in Victorian age.”

Paper:  Victorian Literature

Roll No. : 24

Submitted to : Dr. Dilip Barad,  M.A. Department of English

                          MKBU University.

Email id: gausvamisurbhi17@gmail.com

Batch Year: 2016-18

Introduction:-

               Victorian age symbolized by the reign of British monarch queen Victoria. Women did not have any right to vote, sue, or own property. They were considered inferior to men. In Victorian era women were seen as belonging to the domestic sphere. They have only domestic duty. Their prime concern is to serve their husband and children and this stereotype required them to provide their husband with a clean home food on the table and to raise their children women have less rights in this era. When a Victorian man and woman married, the rights of the woman were legally given over to her spouse. In addition to losing money, Victorian wives became property of their husband. They could not do anything they like without their husband’s wish.

               Rights and privileges of Victorian women were limited. And both single and married women had hardships to live with. Victorian women had disadvantages both financially and sexually enduring inequalities within their marriages and social statuses. Men were provided with more stability. Financial status and privilege. Women endured their husband's control cruelty targeted against their wives including sexual violence, verbal abuse and economic deprivation. While husbands were allowed to have affairs with other women. For them there was no question of character,

“Dag  achhe hai”

 for them. The ideal Victorian woman was pure, chaste, refined and modest.

“Chaste and modest wives”

                 We find great paradox in Victorian period. That all higher class women, those who belonged royal family live very luxuries life. Even there was rule of queen Victoria. While middle class and lower class woman suffered a lot as being woman of this era.

* Poets and novelists of Victorian Era:

               “This which is the age of so many things of enlightenment of science of progress is quite as distinctly the age of female novelists… The vexed questions of social morality the grand problems of human experience are seldom so summarily discussed and settled as in the novels of this day which are written by women”

                                                                                                          [Margaret Oliphant, novelist, 1855]

                 The list of 19th century novelists and poets is long. Jane Austen, Charlotte, Bronte, Elizabeth Barrett, Browning, George Eliot, Christina Rossetti and many other women took up their pens to become serious contributors to what had been a male dominated literary scene. Many of these women used writing to tackle complex political and social issues. 

    

                Novels and poetry had long been popular genres for female writers. But many such works had been belittled as comparatively trivial and insignificant. Women continued to produce vast numbers of sentimental and sensationalist romance novels throughout the century in response to huge public demand making it difficult for women as a group to achieve recognition as serious writers. Furthermore, strict gender roles made it difficult for women to justify a literary career.

* For women writers in Victorian era :

“What was the definition of women in the Victorian era ?”

                The novel concentrate on the role of women in the Victorian era and their rise of the new women. It is a semi biography and closely reflects the society of that time. The novel takes us through the life of a low class woman struggling to create her identity in a make dominant, misogynistic world.

           In the 19th century women in general had the same rights and duties but there was a very fine line dividing the lower class from the middle class and middle class from the upper class. In general women had very little rights regarding education, marriage and properties. They were considered their husband’s property. Charlotte Bronte depicts all three classes of women and their rights and duties profusely in her novel  “Jane Eyre”

               By becoming professional writers, they challenged the notion of the domestic sphere and the idea that women were mainly supposed to be wives and mothers as a result, women writers had the ability to empower other women and influence the course of history.

              19th century society known as the Victorian period, regarded men as the superior sex and women as inferior. There were many women that challenged these beliefs and among them were women writers. They faced numerous obstacles’ when they stepped out of their spheres by becoming professional writers. Critics and men such as John Stuart mill declared that women could never be innovators and therefore they would always fall into the category of imitators. In general, women were commonly thought to leak certain characteristics that made a good writer. The reason for that is that women were usually categorized into either angelic beings or monstrous beings. It was believed that they could not feel passion, ambition anger or honor. Infect critics commonly” did not believe that women could express more than half of life”. However there were many women writers that challenged these views and among them wear the Bronte sisters.

           Bronte sisters novels addressed many of the issues that society in the 19^th century faced. Especially issue regarding gender equality and they showed world that women did indeed have passion and were not inferior to men. There were separate spheres for man and woman being a woman was considered to be a career in itself and therefore, their highest goal was to become mother and a wife. In addition the concept of  

“Angel in the house”

“Household fairy”

Become very popular.

            It was believed that women were small and weak because of female body. This claim was supported by Victorian physicians and anthropologists. Women that had passion. For learning and going more knowledge were looked down on and were in the danger of being known as “Bluestocking” This was the name given to women who had devoted themselves too enthusiastically to intellectual pursuits. And blue stocking were considered unfeminine.

           However there were women in this period that fought against the injustice that they faced one such woman was “Barbara Leigh smith Bodichon” in 1857, “women and work” She wrote “crises are heard on every hand that women are conspiring that women are discontented that women are idle, that women are overworked and that women are out of their sphere, God only knows what is the sphere of any human being women writers that wrote about gender quality were challenging the structure of the male dominated society that they lived in. As a result many of their novels can indeed be interpreted as feminist novels.

          In the 19th century men dominated the world of often referred to as the age of the female novelist. There were several women novelist such as Jane Austen, George Eliot, Elizabeth browning, Mary Shelly, and the Bronte sisters. Women writers faced many obstacles when trying to write novels. Since girls were restricted from reading various types of literature. As a result the range of novels offered  to men were far more than offered to girls. For eg. novels offered to men not to women were adventures novels with strong spirited heroes. If a girl showed passion or behaved badly she was considered to be heinous. However if a boy behaved badly he was just exhibiting his masculine traits.

          These novels came to be known as didactic fiction novels that reinforced gender roles. A good example of writers of didactic fiction is Maria Edgeworth. Another author who wrote didactic fiction was Christina Rossetti. Many of her works, such as “speaking likeness” that was published in 1874, serve as a warning that a girl can only reach salvation through” the death of desire.” Overall didactic fiction was used by parents as a tool to educate girls.

          This created a difficulty for women writers, For they supposed to follow certain rules when writing novels and there were limits to what was considered socially acceptable. Nevertheless, there were writers such as Bronte sisters, Elizabeth Gaskell and George Eliot that deliberately went against these rules. and through their characters they proved that woman called be passionate and strong. In a way these female authors themselves challenged the norm by entering the public sphere when they decided to become writers.

          However if a woman wanted to be a writer she had to understand that her priority was to be a woman and that was always supposed to be her main profession. Therefore, her career as a writer always come second to that, even though men could make it their first and foremost carrier because of that self sacrifice not self sufficiency was the mark of professionalism for women.

          Hence women often used a male pseudonym to escape the limit that were placed on them. Such was the case for George Eliot and Bronte sisters. Anne Bronte went under the name “Action Bell” and her novels were published by T.C. Newby, a minor publisher. The reason for publishing under pseudonyms was so that they could cross over the boundaries that had been laid on women writers.

         Furthermore they wanted to be valued and ranked on the same level  as men, Women writers were judged for being women usually, because of the stereotype that women were inferior and not as intellectual as men. For instance George Eliot was afraid to make her gender known when she noticed that the tone of the criticism changed when the discovery was made that career. Bell was in fact a woman. However as novels by women became more common, men had to acknowledge that there were women that had a great talent for writing fiction.

* Conclusion :

           It can be conclude that women in 19th century were supposed to behave according to tradition be gender roles. Therefore Women faced the struggle of expressing their take self and the women who challenged the notion of gender, were in the danger of being isolated and viewed as monstrous. As a result women who stood up against patriarch society showed remarkable courage and endurance.

*Citation:

popularromanceproject.org/victorian-women-writers/

https://en.wikipedia.org

Negative capability in John Keats Odes

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Name : Gausvami Surbhi A.

Assignment Topic : Negative capability in John Keats Odes 

Paper no. 5

Roll No. : 24

Submitted to : Dr. Dilip Barad, M.A. Department of English

                           MKBU University

Email id: gausvamisurbhi17@gmail.com

Batch Year : 2016-18

* Definition of Negative capability :

               “Negative capability means a man is capable of being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason.”

                                   

* Negative capability :

                    Negative capability was a phrase first used by romantic poet John Keats in 1817 to characterize the capacity of the greatest writers (particularly Shakespeare) to pursue a vision of artistic beauty even when it leads them into intellectual confusion and uncertainty as opposed to a preference for philosophical certainty over artistic beauty.

                   Keats is famous Romantic poet and he was the master and fonder of ”Negative capability.” The concept of negative capability is the ability to contemplate the word without the desire to try and reconcile contradictory aspects or fit it into closed and rational systems.

                   Keats was a romantic poet full of intense passion and desire yet shy and reserved. He was a young man with all determination and melancholy of a teenager on a romantic quest to be among the English poets when he died. He is an inspiration to all of us. Full of colorful language and imagination. He battled through Tuberculosis and only lived to be 25. He wanted to be famous and he has well and truly lived up to his dream.

                  Keats longed to find beauty in what was often an ugly and terrible world. He was an admirer of Shakespeare, and his reading of the bard is insightful and intriguing, illustrating the genius of Shakespeare’s  creativity. In a letter to his brothers, keats descries this genius as “Negative capability”

  “  At once it struck me what quality went to form a man of achievement, especially in literature, and which Shakespeare possessed so enormously. I mean negative capability that is when man is capable of being in uncertainties. My Steris, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason.”

                 This description can be compared to a definition of conflict :

                 “An emotional state characterized by indecision, restlessness, uncertainty and tension resulting from incompatible inner needs or drives of comparable intensity.”  These two definitions are very similar, the meaning of conflict sounds very negative and hopeless. However, keats’  creative concept seems positive and full of potential by leaving out ‘restlessness’ by avoiding an ‘irritable reaching after fact and reason’

                In order for keats to be able to create true poetry one had to be able to remain in what may be states of conflict without 'irritably' reaching after facts or reasons. By not imposing one self upon the doubts and uncertainties which make p a conflict, keats would rather we were open to the imagination.

               “For keats, negative capability is a sublime expression of supreme empathy. “

                 Empathy, is the capacity for participating in experiencing and understanding another's feelings or ideas. It's a creative tool to help us understand each other, under stand different points, of view or different cultures so that we able to express them.

                What does keats mean by ’negative capability ?’ clearly he is using the word negative not in a pejorative sense, but to convey the idea that a person’s potential can be defined by what he or she does not possess. Keats argues is a certain passivity a willingness to let what is mysterious or doubtful remain just that.

                Writing to his brothers George and Thomas in December 1817 letter found in 'Selected letters (public library) keats coins the phrase ‘Negative capability’  the willingness to embrace uncertainty live with mystery and make peace with ambiguity. Triggered by keats’ disagreement with the English poet and philosopher Coleridge whose quest for definitive answers over beauty laid the foundations for modern day reductionism the concept is a beautiful articulation of a familiar sentiment the life is about living the questions, that the unknown is what drives science that the most beautiful experience we can have is the mysterious.

               Keats set out what he believed was necessary to ‘man of achievement’  or one who is capable of being in uncertainties, mysteries and doubts without any irritable reaching after fact or reasons." As the famous couplet from ode on a Grecian urn reads :

“Beauty is truth and truth beauty that is all/ ye know on earth, and all ye need to know”

                We can see this sentiment reflected in his letters. In 1817 in a letter to Benjamin bailey he wrote that “What the imagination seizes as beauty must be truth.”    This letter was written just one month before the negative capability and we can see keats setting out the ground work for why would become the final concept. He stated that whatever a person perceived as beautiful must be the truth. Whether it be art poetry or music. A person must be able to accept whatever they perceive as true without questioning how or why this is only way they can become “man of Achievement.”

              Keats never saw him self as a 'Man of Achievement' nor did he consider himself to be a master of “Negative capability” We need only look at his self written epitaph to get an idea of how the young saw him self. He died at the age of 25. His gravestone bearing the words:

“Here lies one whose name was writ in water”

             It is understandable, given his poor health and the deterioration of his mental state that his epitaph reads in such a way however. We can see these uncertainties and doubts even in his earlier poetry. Especially towards the end of his life, after watching his mother and brother die of consumption the same disease which would eventually claim his own life, Keats became more and more disillusioned with his original concept of negative capability.

* What is negative capability ?

            After keats put a name to it, philosophers latched onto the term and expounded upon it. “Negative capability as seen as not just denying the need for correct answers, but denying humanity’s ability to fully understand any kind of phenomena. “ In other words negative capability says that for some things, those correct answers might not be available. In fact, they might not exist at all.

* Example of negative capability :

* Negative capability in “Harry potter”

             Think of the harry potter universe. Most of us aware that magic doesn't exist in real life. But J. K. Rowling dumps us right into the world of witches and wizards, giants and dwarves goblins and ghosts and she fully expects her readers to keep with her.

             She explains some of the terminology but we don’t  know where the magic comes from or why some wizards are born of muggle parents, or where the name muggle comes from. No one explains why platform g ¾ exists or how exists.

* Negative capability in keats’ ode :  

    

* Negative capability in ode to a Nightinagle :

             “According to brown, a nightingale had built its nest near the house keats and brown shared in the spring of 1819. Inspired by the bird’s song keats composed the poem in one day. “Ode to a nightingale” is a personal poem that describes keats’  journey into the state of negative capability.

                 We can find negative capability in ode to nightingale a poem written in 1819 and published in 1820. The speaker describes his wish to fly or imaginatively transport himself to the nightingale rejecting his previous discussion of using alcohol as his means of doing so instead the speaker declares that the viewless wings of poesy will be the vehicle of his transcendence the speaker comes to the realization that he is in fact already with nightingale. Through he beings the stanza desiring  to the nightingale he ultimately realizes that his imaginative engagement with it through poetry demonstrates that he is already with it. In all of its manifold complexity. The speaker demonstrates  negative capability  the ability to simply perceive and experience rather than pursue some fulfillment of it.

                Keats attempted to use negative capability technique in ode to nightingale. He delves into his fears about his own mortality. Throughout the poem he tries to escape his fears, but keeps bouncing back into anxiety. Throughout the poem he never really finds a satisfying answer to his depressing situation. This is why ode to nightingale is a brilliant exploration of negative capability.

* Negative capability in ode to Autumn :

                Keats moves away from examining the conflicts and harmonies existing in the search for beauty and truth to the purity of the image and the here and now. He lowers his guard and ceases to fight and instead accepts what is bringing the idea of negative capability to fruition and maturation as a mode of understanding

              To autumn is a celebration of the present as the exploration of negative capability ceases. It’s a total embrace of the human condition, including death. Death is present but even so does not distract from the Poem’s intention. Keats reminds us very clearly that summer will cease that life comes full circle and part of that circle is

“Until  they think warm days will never cease for summer has o’erbrimm’d their clammy cells.”

            In ode to autumn the poet merges himself with the spirit of autumn. The poet finds pleasure in light as well as in shade. He does not care full spring when he treats of autumn. As he says:

“Think not of them thou hast thy music too.”

            The negative capability of a take poet is not the result of any intellectual process it is the result from imagination.

* Negative capability in ode on a Grecian urn.

                 As we know that John keats life was full of sufferings, his mother’s death, Tom’s death his own ill-health the faithless of fanny, financial difficulties, his fierce criticism as a poet by the critics of his time etc. But his poetry does not show all these sorrows. To find these effects we have to read his poems carefully and deeply.

               Keats odes are best example of this capability. In “Ode on a Grecian Urn”  keats avoids personal statements in his narration rather choosing to focus on imagery instead of the impact of the imagery and allows the urn to communicate its message to create a poem without self interest achieving negative capability. As the poet says in the second stanza.

“Forever will thou love and she be fair “

           Here the focus remains on the image and not on the image’s effect. This quality is related to the concept of beauty. The ability of discovering beauty in everything overpowers all other consideration. As the poet says.

“Beauty is truth, truth beauty, That is all ye know on earth and all ye need to know !”

          Here, truth and beauty are understood by the negative capability, of the artist. The urn’s message is one that is finally open ended and mysterious.

Conclusion :-

            Negative capability is strongest imaginative power of keats. Many a time poet or writers want to live in mysterious and doubts. Which can not be answered and the reader can have answers whatever they like. Most of the literature are formed on this theory. In which imagination plays a vital role.

* Citation :

* www.keatsian.co.uk

* www.brainpickings.org

* https://wordsworth.org.uk

* https://myenlishta.wordpress.com

* arshiaislam.blogspot.in

Analysis of movie by structuralist method

               Structuralism is the offshoot of certain developments in Linguistics and anthropology. it takes for granted ' The Death of the author' hence it looks upon works as self-organised linguistic structure. In literary theory structuralism is an approach to analyzing the narrative material by examining the underlying invariant structure.

              

              We find a particular structure in every work of art. and every structure is related with each other. we can find a same narrative pattern in every work. so, structuralism is not a method, it is also what Ernst Cassirer calls a ' general tendency of thought' or other would say an ideology. 

                I would like to analyze the Bollywood movie 'JANI DUSHMAN' 1979 horror fantasy thriller film produced and directed by 'Rajkumar kohil'. Sunil dutt,Sanjiv kumar, Shatrughan sinha,Vinod mehra, Reena roy, Rkha, Nitu singh in lead role and music composed by Laxmicant-pyarelal.

                      In this movie murder occurs (event A) then circumstances of the murder are revealed to a detective (event B), finally the murderer is caught (event C).

                     The murder of newly Bride occur. This event occur n time and be narrated n times. bride disappears from 'Doli' at temple and then found dead. this happens with five or six women. and finally when there is marriage of heroin the murderer caught by protagonist.and surprisingly the murderer is the 'Thakur' a respectable fellow of village.

                 But it was not Thakur who commit all this crime but another man 'monster' has committed all these murder through Thakur. who has been killed by his own wife on very first night of their wedding. so he wanted to take revenge and whenever he saw any lady in red wedding suit he killed her.

 

    

I.A. Richards Figurative language

     My favorite film is 'Dhadakan'. So I would like to compare one of the songs of this film with I.A. Richards's figurative language. In this song we find several mis understanding or more poetical imagination. Which never exists in reality. Here is some information about this song.

Singer: Udit Narayan and Alka  yagnik.

Music: Nadeem, shravan.

Lyricist: sameer.

Song:
 
" Dil ne  ye kaha hai  dil se
   Mohbbat ho gai he tumse
   Meri jaan mere dilbar mera
   Atbar karlo

   Tumjo kehdo  to chand taro ko
   Tod lavuga me in havao ko in
    Ghatao ko mod lavuga me."

    In second line we find more exaggeration. That hero says to his beloved that I will bring stars and moon for you. And also 'in ghatao ko mod lavuga me' . it seems quiet poetical. In real world it's impossible.

   But yet, it reflects writer's true feeling. We can feel that hero really loves his beloved. So whatever writer feels, exactly the reader can also feel. Which is the ultimate aim of the poet.

  

One Day Training Programme On ''Rights of the Women''

                   One Day Training Programme On

                           ''Rights of the Women''

 

        On 6th january i have attended one training programme on ''Rights of the women''. It was fantastic experience to attend this programme. It was organised at the old court hall of our university. It was organised by 'National Human Rights Commission of Delhi' with the collaboration of 'Women Developement cell' of our MKBU university. It included all the colleges of our university. Two professor and three students have to participate from each college. There were round about 250 girls and lecturers who joined this workshop.

                                                                                                                               Various kinds of programmes are often organised by WDC committe. The Head of the life science Department and also the chairman of WDC committe Dr. Bhartiben dave has organised entire programme and it was well organised programme. It was started by inaguration function at 10 am. The chief guest,our vice chancellor has motivated us a lot by his inspiring speech.

The first statement of our vice chancellor was 'there is no Man Developement cell in our univercity' which leads us to feminist view point that women are still considered as inferior or physically week who always requires some kind of protection at every place.

      This full day training programme was divided into two sessions. And in the each session there were two speeches.


Session: 1

 1) speaker: Dr. Rushikesh Mehta

                  principal, sir L.A Shah Law college,

                   Ahmedabad.

    Sub: Contemporary issues and challenges of Human Rights and constitution
    of India.

 
Very much effective speech was dilivered by him on Human rights and the which are the articles in our constitution related to women rights. He began with the affirmation that there should be Boys in this workshop. First they have to aware about the rights of the women. Because ultimately females have protect themself from the men. Since centuries we have seen that always powerful person overpowering the weaker. So human rights should be there which gives equal opportunity to everyone. According to Artical 14 and 15 there is a Right to equality. Everyone has equal protection of the law. He talked about the origin of the human rights. Our constitution is quite influenced by French and Russian revolution. And in our holy 'Vedas' there is only one cast that is the cast of 'Human beings'. According to Babasaheb Ambedkar Artical 32 is most important that is 'Right of liberty'.

       He has given very effective example of Human rights. According to airline law airhostes can not marry for four years after joining the job. And they can have children only after their retirement and they retire at the age of 35. it is quite opposite to human rights but at present it is removed from our constitution.he also gave the real example of 'Chandrima das' a lady of Bangladesh who is raped by railway officers in india. In this kind of cases woman can also get compensation according to Artical no.21.

 National Human Rights commission was organised in 1993.


2) Speaker: Dr. Mayuriben Pandya.
                   Assistant professor of L.A. Shah Law colllege,
                   Ahmedabad.

Sub: Crusade against sexual harassment at work place through law : conceptual and empirical issues.

 It was excellent speech given by mayuriben pandya. She has effective speech power. I am quite influenced by her speech. She takled about the sexual harassment of women. She started with the basic question that ' who we are?' 'what is our identity?'. In patriarchal society women always known by his father or husband's name. Mother never involved in major decision.

   There was a strong element of feminism in her voice. She gave one beatiful example of 'Hillary clinton' that once she visited our India. At that time one 14 years old girl gave her letter and in that letter it was written that,


“ Every woman in this world know only one language that is the language of silence.”

   But at particular level we have to break our silence and we have to come forward to fight against injustice.she also talk about the 'ICC' committe. Every institute must have ICC committe. And in this committe women can complain at work place. Even she can demand for the transfer of particular fellow. At present there is higher ratio of sexual harassment. But problem is we always avoid this kind of problems. Sometimes society itself may become problematic. We can not change the mindset of society. There are rules and regulation in our constitution. But we have to aware about it. She puts emphasis on the fact that as a woman we can not misuse the rights given to us.


Session: 2


1) speaker: Dr. Krishanpal Malik,
                   As. Professor, institute of law Nirma university,
                   Ahmedabad.


Sub: Domestic violence in backdrop of law.

    The protection of women from domestic violence Act came into existence in 2005. he talked about the Artical in our constitution regarding domestic violence. It can be in any form such as physical, verbal, sexual, emotional, economical. For the protection woman can take help of the law.

1) Police station


2) Protection officer


3) Service provider


4) magistrate


  If she demand then she can appoint lady judge. I came to know one shocking fact that there is higher ratio of domestic violence in our Gujarat.



2) Speaker: Dr. Nidhi Iyer

                   Gynecologist, Bhavnagar.


Sub: Reproductive and maternal health.

 She started her lecture with the definition and importance of the session. in our India we find unawareness regarding maternal health and reproductive. every day 830 women die due to pregnancy. and African women contains 33% more risk in pregnancy. in our India 73% children are born in hospital, rest of the children born in unhygienic condition. she also informed that 6 million girls conceive pregnancy while teenage. education and awareness is required if we want to make our India 'Healthy India'.



overall it was fantastic experience to attend this training prgramme. and it was worth to attend by every girl.

Excel expression 2016

                                   


                                           Excel expression 2016

                                     It was fantastic experience to participate in Excel competition. it's good to know that Excel is one chemical company and inspite of that it takes deep interest in students personality development. it was like mini youth festival.so many competition were going on side by side. our Department has to send five students for each competition. there were so many competition like Debate, News reading, painting, mobile photography, group song, quiz, folk song etc.

                                    I have participated in two competition news reading and debate competition. News reading i like the most. because it was full of experience and enjoying. it was like real news you can see news reader in t.v. it's much more different when you read news in daily schedule and you read news before the camera. judges observe everything like dressing style, clarity of language and quality of voice, selection of the news, arrangement of news etc. it was like news reading interview for me. i really like to be news reader and it's my long cherished dream to be news reader. but unfortunately i failed in it. because i took it very lightly. i thought that it's not big deal to read news. but next time i will go with more preparation. and i will be succeeded.

                                   Next is debate competition. i think they have some another concept of the debate. it was like instant elocution. they invite each participant one by one. we have to speak for five or seven time. debate should not go like that. i have participated in debate for five times.we can get real charm of debate when we defeat someone with our logical arguments. they gave only one subject and it was quite interesting.
   
                                "Demonetization in India"

                                    Earlier i told my partner Budhiditya that this should be the topic of our debate. because at this time everyone talks about it, everyone discusses about it. this is the major matter in our India.  at the end i told Budhiditya that let me tell them what is the exact meaning of debate. but she told me that leave it then i didn't tell them. i spoke in favor of demonetization and my companion spoke in against demonetization.  i spoke for six minutes in Hindi.

                                  overall it was very nice experience to participates in both the competition. for that i would like to thank Barad sir for giving such a nice opportunity and also excel industries for organizing such good competitions.